葡萄砧木在贺兰山东麓扦插生根与成苗特性初探

为了加快优良葡萄砧木在贺兰山东麓地区的研究和应用进程,2008～2009年对11个砧木品种进行了硬枝扦插试验,采用目前生产上常用的硬枝扦插技术,研究了在宁夏贺兰山东麓生态条件下,葡萄砧木生根成苗特性的关系,以期为葡萄砧木的选择和大量繁育提供依据,为优良葡萄砧木的大量应用打下一定的基础。     

红露苹果在昭通的引种试验初报

云南昭通是南方重要的苹果生产基地，但由于主栽晚熟红富士品种比例过高，给生产销售等方面带来一系列问题，为解决品种单一带来的各种问题，充分发挥当地苹果比北方苹果成熟早的自然优势，从2006年起我们开始从烟台引试种植红露等中早熟品种，希望从中找出表现良好的品种来发展，以调整昭通苹果品种结构。试种的红露苹果于2009年投产，具有早果、丰产、色艳、果个大、极耐贮运、抗逆性强等特性，具有良好的发展前景。     

提高花粉饲养伪钝绥螨繁殖力的试验

单独用苹果花粉喂养伪钝绥螨,其后代生活力降低。本文报道在苹果花粉中分别添加30％王浆水、30％蜂蜜水饲养伪钝绥螨,或用苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替喂食。结果表明,其后代成螨性比较单独用苹果花粉喂食者均有提高,雌成螨自食其卵现象基本消除。其中以苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替供食者效果最好,后代成活率明显提高。以苹果花粉为主食料,定期添加朱砂叶螨,5周后伪钝绥螨的增殖倍数与完全取食朱砂叶螨者相近。     

P~(32)标记松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生苹果小卷叶蛾效果研究

经用P~(32)每毫升25量μci的剂量标记松毛虫赤眼蜂,室内测定P~(32)放射性强度:50头成蜂为466～642cpm,20粒柞蚕卵为109—117cpm。P~(32)标记对成蜂寿命、繁殖力、性比均无不良影响。苹果园P~(32)标记放蜂表明:苹果小卷叶蛾的卵块寄生率达96％,即粒寄生率93.09％。在寄生卵块中有73.91％的卵块测出P~(32),平均每块的放射性强度为14.34cpm,说明是人工释放的效果。有26.09％的寄生卵块未测出P~(32)或很弱,此为自然赤眼蜂所寄生。     

应用伪钝绥螨防治苹果全爪螨的试验

1987～1988年田间应用试验表明,青岛地区生态条件可以满足伪钝绥螨生存和发展的要求.5月下或6月初,以1:50的益害比,释放伪钝绥螨,可控制苹果全爪螨为害,减少果园施用杀螨剂3次。伪钝绥螨在当地可以自然越冬,完成周年循环,建立种群,成为控制叶螨发生的有效天敌。     

生物药剂防治苹果树腐烂病的田间试验

河南省自1987年开始在孟县、卢氏等县265亩苹果园中进行生物药剂治疗苹果树腐烂病的试验示范。以刮皮法和划刻法用农抗120、S-921和843康复剂涂抹病疤,一年后在发病季节调查。以刮皮法用农抗120处理的病疤,治愈率达100％,无一复发。以划刻法用农抗120处理的病疤治愈率为78-90％,以S-921和843康复剂处理的治疗效果达100％。作者认为这些生物药剂可取代福美砷治疗苹果树腐烂病。     

应用伪钝绥螨防治苹果全爪螨初报

伪钝绥螨是叶螨的有效天敌,1986年引入天水,1987、1988年在苹果园进行了释放试验,6月中、下旬按1:50的益害比释放于苹果树上,结果表明经过35～40天,苹果全爪螨从峰期(1987、7、31)7.79头/叶和(19888、2)21.84头/叶开始减退,至50～60天,分别减退为1.76头/叶和1.90头/叶,而对照树分别为19.43头/叶(8、20)和44.15头/叶(8、2)。该螨对苹果全爪螨越冬卵的控制效果明显,释放树平均一年生枝条单枝含卵量为15.95粒,化防树为93.64粒。     

西方盲走螨防治苹果树叶螨的研究

通过室内个体饲养观察,明确西方盲走螨捕食山楂叶螨和李始叶螨生长发育情况良好。1983～1985年,兰州田间试验表明:5月下旬到6月中旬,根据苹果树的不同树龄和叶螨的虫口基数,以1:36～64的益、害比,每株释放西方盲走螨雌成螨350～2,750头,经过45～60天,释放树上山楂叶螨和李始叶螨的种群数量发展缓慢,渐趋衰亡,达到完全控制。释放西方盲走螨不仅当年控制李始叶螨为害,可减少用药3～4次;其效果可持续两年。     

Accessions of Australian Nicotiana species suitable as indicator hosts in the diagnosis of plant virus diseases

When screening the genusNicotiana for sensitive and differential hosts for a group of mechanically transmissible plant viruses with narrow host ranges, development of systemic symptoms was alsmost exclusively observed in species of three closely related sections of the subgenusPetunioides. These species wereN. miersii (sectionAcuminatae),N. bigelovii andN. clevelandii (Bigelovianae) andN. benthamiana, N. cavicola, N. ingulba, N. occidentalis, N. rosulata andN. rotundifolia (Suaveolentes). Except forN. benthamiana andN. clevelandii, which are already known for their large virus ranges, they are new experimental hosts that appeared very useful for detection of viruses and for differentiation of viruses that closely resemble each other in host range. Accessions of the same species often varied largely in local and systemic viral response. EspeciallyN. benthamiana-9,N. miersii-33 andN. occidentalis-37B (code numbers given by Tobacco Research Laboratory, Oxford, N.C., USA) are recommended for routine inoculation tests. The sensitiveSuaveolentes species mentioned are native to the arid parts of Australia. Collections of these species deserve attention in studies on virus diseases of unknown etiology where experimental hosts are lacking.Samenvatting In het genusNicotiana werden vatbare, gevoelige en differentiële toetsplanten opgespoord door toetsing van vooral de collectie van het Tobacco Research Laboratory (Oxford, N.C., VS) met een aantal virussen waarvoor weinig of geen bruikbare toetsplanten bekend waren. Systemische reacties werden bijna uitsluitend in soorten van drie nauw verwante secties van het subgenusPetunioides waargenomen. Deze soorten warenN. miersii (sectieAcuminatae),N. bigelovii enN. clevelandii (Bigelovianae) enN. benthamiana, N. cavicola, N. ingulba, N. occidentalis, N. rosulata enN. rotundifolia (Suaveolentes). Behalve voor virusvermeerdering bleken deze soorten ook zeer geschikt te zijn voor differentiatie van virussen of virusstammen met een bijna gelijke waardplantenreeks.Collectienummers van één en dezelfde soort konden sterk in lokale en systemische reactie verschillen. VooralN. benthamiana-9,N. miersii-33 enN. occidentalis-37B kunnen voor routine-inoculaties worden aanbevolen. Met uitzondering vanN. benthamiana enN. clevelandii zijn de genoemde soorten of genotypen nieuwe experimentele waardplanten voor de virologie. De soorten die van de sectieSuaveolentes worden genoemd, zijn inheems in de woestijnachtige gebieden van Australië. Verzamelingen daarvan verdienen nadere aandacht bij de diagnostiek van virusziekten waarvoor nog geen experimentele waarplanten voorhanden zijn.     

Erwinia amylovora populations resistant to oxolinic acid in Israel: prevalence, persistence and fitness

Oxolinic acid (OA) has been the only bactericide used against fire blight in pear and quince orchards in Israel since 1998. OA-resistant Erwinia amylovora strains (Ea-OA^R) were detected in several orchards in two restricted areas in the northern Galilee region during 1999–2001. In the following years, resistant strains could not be detected in some of these locations. Documenting the fate of Ea-OA^R strains in commercial orchards at eight sites in northern Israel during 2000/03 revealed that the resistant population appeared irrespective of the number of sprays applied and the severity of the disease. The persistence of the Ea-OA^R populations varied from site to site, ranging from 4 to 20 months; these differences could be attributed to the fire blight management activities of growers. Comparative studies on the fitness of Ea-OA^R and E. amylovora strains sensitive to OA (Ea-OA^S) were conducted in vitro and in planta using two strains of each group. In four of the six comparisons, disease incidence on detached blossoms inoculated with Ea-OA^S was significantly higher than that on blossoms inoculated with Ea-OA^R. In two experiments conducted on 8-year-old pear trees grown under netting, the colonization of Ea-OA^S in blossoms, annual shoots and perennial spurs was significantly higher than that of the Ea-OA^R. In two experiments conducted on 2-year-old trees grown under netting in an experimental station, the incidence of shoots exhibiting fire blight symptoms and the rate of symptom progress within the branches were significantly higher in trees inoculated with Ea-OA^S than in those inoculated with Ea-OA^R. The results of this study suggest that OA-resistant E. amylovora strains have lower fitness than wild-type strains. These findings may have implications for fire blight management.